• Keep simple tasks simple (as always with Java APIs).
• Ensure API is general enough to enable existing and future transfer models.
• Allow dynamic data types to be created, registered, and transferred.
• Enable data transfer both within and across process space boundaries.
• Enable data transfer between Java and non-Java applications.
• Support the transfer of Java Beans

Transferable Objects

	java.awt.datatransfer.Transferable

Convenience classes which implement the Transferable interface for common data types will be provided to make transfer of these common types easy for the developer. For example:

	java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection

The purpose of this API is to ensure that once the work goes into making a particular element or type of data transferable, it can be easily be passed around using any of the higher-level transfer protocols (clipboard, drag-and-drop, etc.).

Data Flavors

This negotiation requires the definition of a data typing name-space such that these various flavors and data-types can be uniquely defined and recognized by distinct applications. In order to avoid the confusion of such overloaded terms such as "format", we have chosen the term "flavor" to represent this concept.

A data flavor is represented by an object which encapsulates all necessary information about a particular flavor to enable flavor negotiation and transfer between applications:

	java.awt.datatransfer.DataFlavor

This information includes a logical name for the flavor (to enable programmatic identification), a human-presentable name (which be used to present to the user and would be localizable), and the representation class which is used to define the class of object used to actually transfer the data.

MIME Types as Logical Names

MIME type registration is currently handled by a third-party, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), enabling developers to easily locate the standard type/subtype name used for published data formats. Fortunately, formal registration is not required in order to define new MIME type/subtype names for less common formats (we agree that such a formal requirement would not be acceptable for basic Java data transfer). New type names can be created without formal registration by prepending "x-" in front of the name.

Representation Class

	Object getTransferData(DataFlavor flavor)

The current DataFlavor class defines two general kinds of data flavors:

• DataFlavor which represents a specific Java class:

	     MIME-type="application/x-java-serialized-object; class=<implemenation class>"

	     RepresentationClass=<implemenation class>

        e.g. a DataFlavor representing an AWT GUI component:

	     MIME-type="application/x-java-serialized-object; class=java.awt.Component"

	     RepresentationClass=java.awt.Component

	  If the requesting side of a transfer operation asks for the data in this flavor, 
          it will be handed back an instance of the Component class.

• DataFlavor which represents a particular MIME-type:

	     MIME-type="application/<mime-subtype>"

	     RepresentationClass=java.io.InputStream

        e.g. a DataFlavor representing RTF text:

	     MIME-type="application/rtf"

	     RepresentationClass=java.io.InputStream

	  If the requesting side of a transfer operation asks for the data in this fla-vor, 
          it will be handed back an InputStream instance from which it can read/
          parse the RTF formatted text.

For a given MIME-type (type #2 above), a Java program is free to create multiple flavors with different representation classes. For example, in addition to providing the flavor for the MIME-type "application/rtf" above, a program could specify another flavor:

        e.g. a DataFlavor representing RTF text:

	     MIME-type="application/rtf"

	     RepresentationClass=foobar.fooRTF

Rationale Behind Encapsulation

1. Usability - There are attributes that should be associated with data formats, like the human-presentable name for the data format, that could only be associated with a logical string baroquely. With a DataFlavor object, these attributes are directly associated with the encapsulating DataFlavor object
2. Convenience - Using DataFlavor objects gives us a convenient way of handling data format comparisons. An isMimeTypeEqual() method relieves the programmer or having to remember to convert his MIME types into a canonical form. (This is an issue because MIME type, subtype, and parameter names are case insensitive and parameters can appear in any order.).
3. Extensibility - The abstraction will allow us to extend a flavor's attributes/methods over time if necessary.
4. Performance - Motif and Windows use atoms rather than strings to identify data formats. Using an object to identify each data format gives us a handy place to cache the atom corresponding to the MIME type name, reducing the number of atom internments required. Similarly, the results of mapping MIME types like "text/plain" to platform-specific clipboard formats like CF_TEXT on Windows and 'TEXT' on Macintosh can be cached.

The DataFlavor concept may seem complex and confusing, however our intent is to make this as convenient as possible for developers by defining a set of commonly used data flavors.

Multiple Item Transfer

package java.awt.datatransfer;

import java.io.*;

/**
 * A class which implements the capability required to transfer a
 * simple java String in plain text format.
 */
public class StringSelection implements Transferable, ClipboardOwner {

    final static int STRING = 0;
    final static int PLAIN_TEXT = 1;

    DataFlavor flavors[] = {DataFlavor.stringFlavor, DataFlavor.plainTextFlavor};

    private String data;
						   
    /**
     * Creates a transferable object capable of transferring the
     * specified string in plain text format.
     */
    public StringSelection(String data) {
        this.data = data;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the array of flavors in which it can provide the data.
     */
    public synchronized DataFlavor[] getTransferDataFlavors() {
	return flavors;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the requested flavor is supported by this object.
     * @param flavor the requested flavor for the data
     */
    public boolean isDataFlavorSupported(DataFlavor flavor) {
	return (flavor.equals(flavors[STRING]) || flavor.equals(flavors[PLAIN_TEXT]));
    }

    /**
     * If the data was requested in the "java.lang.String" flavor, return the
     * String representing the selection, else throw an UnsupportedFlavorException.
     * @param flavor the requested flavor for the data
     */
    public synchronized Object getTransferData(DataFlavor flavor) 
			throws UnsupportedFlavorException, IOException {
	if (flavor.equals(flavors[STRING])) {
	    return (Object)data;
	} else if (flavor.equals(flavors[PLAIN_TEXT])) {
	    return new StringReader(data);
	} else {
	    throw new UnsupportedFlavorException(flavor);
	}
    }

    public void lostOwnership(Clipboard clipboard, Transferable contents) {
    }
}

• Make it *extremely* easy for programs to implement cut/copy/paste of text
• Enable clipboard operations which interact with the platform's native clipboard
• Enable the creation/use of private clipboards for inter-app clipboard operations

The clipboard architecture relies on the data transfer mechanism defined by the Java Data Transfer API. The Clipboard API includes a single class which implements the data transfer model for a standard clipboard:

	java.awt.datatransfer.Clipboard 

and an interface which is implemented by any classes which will be writing data to the clipboard:

	java.awt.datatransfer.ClipboardOwner

The Clipboard class provides two basic methods for reading-from/writing-to the clipboard:

	void setContents(Transferable content, ClipboardOwner owner)

	Transferable getContents(Object requestor)

The ClipboardOwner interface consists of a single method which is called if another object asserts ownership of the clipboard:

	void lostOwnership(Clipboard clipboard)

To make the job of implementing clipboard operations on common data types easy for the developer, there will be convenience classes provided which implement the ClipboardOwner interface in a standard way:

	java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection

The following method in java.awt.Toolkit will provide access to the clipboard instance which interacts with the native platform facilities:

	Clipboard getSystemClipboard();

1. Instantiate an object which implements the Transferable interface for the data to be cut/copied.
2. Instantiate an object which implements the ClipboardOwner interface (may be the same object as that which implements Transferable)
3. Pass this Transferable and ClipboardOwner objects to the clipboard's setContents() method; this establishes ownership of the clipboard.
4. Handle the call to your clipboard owner's lostOwnership() method, which will be called if/when another object asserts ownership of the clipboard (this method can be empty if you don't need to do anything when you lose ownership)

The general sequence for implementing "paste":

1. Request the contents of the clipboard using its getContents() method, which returns a handle to an object which implements the Transferable interface.
2. Request the list of available flavors for the data from the transferable object using its getTransferDataFlavors() method.
3. Retrieve the data in the desired available flavor using the transferable object's getTransferData() method.

Lazy Data Model

Sample Code using Clipboard API

(note: for simplicity this example uses a TextArea as the source/dest for the copy/paste operation; on most platforms, cut/copy/paste is already implemented for the TextArea and TextField classes within the native peers)

								       

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.datatransfer.*;

public class ClipboardTest extends Frame 
                           implements ClipboardOwner, ActionListener {

    TextArea srcText, dstText;
    Button copyButton, pasteButton;

    Clipboard clipboard = getToolkit().getSystemClipboard();

    public ClipboardTest() {
        super("Clipboard Test");
        GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout();
        GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
        setLayout(gridbag);

        srcText = new TextArea(8, 32);
        c.gridwidth = 2;
        c.anchor = GridBagConstraints.CENTER;
        gridbag.setConstraints(srcText, c);
        add(srcText);

        copyButton = new Button("Copy Above");
        copyButton.setActionCommand("copy");
        copyButton.addActionListener(this);
        c.gridy = 1;
        c.gridwidth = 1;
        gridbag.setConstraints(copyButton, c);
        add(copyButton);

        pasteButton = new Button("Paste Below");
        pasteButton.setActionCommand("paste");
        pasteButton.addActionListener(this);
        pasteButton.setEnabled(false);
        c.gridx = 1;
        gridbag.setConstraints(pasteButton, c);
        add(pasteButton);

        dstText = new TextArea(8, 32);
        c.gridx = 0;
        c.gridy = 2;
        c.gridwidth = 2;
        gridbag.setConstraints(dstText, c);
        add(dstText); 

        pack();
    }

    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
        String cmd = evt.getActionCommand();

        if (cmd.equals("copy")) { 
           // Implement Copy operation
           String srcData = srcText.getText();
           if (srcData != null) {
                StringSelection contents = new StringSelection(srcData);
                clipboard.setContents(contents, this);
                pasteButton.setEnabled(true);
            }
        } else if (cmd.equals("paste")) {
            // Implement Paste operation
            Transferable content = clipboard.getContents(this);
            if (content != null) {
                try {
                    String dstData = (String)content.getTransferData(
                                                DataFlavor.stringFlavor);
                    dstText.append(dstData);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.out.println("Couldn't get contents in format: "+
                           DataFlavor.stringFlavor.getHumanPresentableName()); 
                }
             }
        }
    }
    public void lostOwnership(Clipboard clipboard, Transferable contents) {
       System.out.println("Clipboard contents replaced");
    }
     public static void main(String[] args) {
        ClipboardTest test = new ClipboardTest();
        test.show();
     }
}